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So how about that presentation? Before I even mention the chemistry content I want to say that Dr. Allen had a fantastic presentation style that was so easy to follow and to understand. I was very impressed by his use of visuals to explain s, p, d, and f orbitals. Many students including chemistry majors can squeeze through four years of chemistry classes and have no conceptual understanding of atomic orbitals. I think Dr. Allen did a great job of clearing up a hiccup in a lot of minds.

In Chemistry Seminar last year, there was a presenter that talked about silver nanoparticles consisting of a silver ion connected to dendrimers much like the ideas presented by Dr. Allen. However, instead of the nanoparticles “trapping” a molecule within its excessively-branched infrastructure, one could use a kind of lanthanide-centered chelate attached to a host of dendrimers; and the center of the whole thing (instead of a silver ion which doesn’t take part in the reaction) would be this fluorescent Gd chelate. The idea was for a membrane cellular receptor to trigger the dendrimeric chelate covering to catabolize into smaller, non-harmful units so that the chelate could be displayed at the correct locus in the body.

In theory, this is a fun idea, but I’m concerned about a couple things. First, nitrogenous breakdown products. The body excretes nitrogen in the form of urea and uses it in amino acids, DNA, RNA and other things. If any ammonia-like substance was subjected to body tissues, toxicity could be a huge factor. Secondly, mechanism of protein-induced dendrimer breakdown without the aid of catalysts or biochemical enzymes. So a protein touches the dendrimer and the whole thing (minus the chelate) just falls apart like a glass cup sitting on the edge of a table waiting for a three-year-old to come along? I mean, even exothermic reactions (glycolysis, TCA, parts of calvin-benson, oxidative phosphorylation, etc.) require catalysts. However, I haven’t done the research or worked out the theory.

I feel that the presenter has a terrific start on what appears to be dynamite research. Confident up front and engaging in delivery, Dr. Allen has presented a convincing argument. Troy’s rating for this seminar is 9/10 for chemistry content, 9/10 for professionalism and 8/10 for student engagement.

To the layperson, this seminar was all about using different chemicals to create clearer pictures for MRI’s.

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The lecture today was certainly interesting and informative. Some of it was a little over my head, but for the most part I could understand what Professor Allen was talking about. It was interesting to learn so much about magnetic resonance imaging and the processes involved in making it work.

One of the things I found most interesting was the way gadolinium was manipulated to ‘mask’ it’s toxicity in order to be able to inject it into the patients. Out of the many ways to look into and image the human body, MRI is the most effective. In contrast, while ultrasound is effective it is highly operator-dependent.

Another thing I learned was that the seven unpaired electrons in the lanthanide group ions make for very strong paramagnets, which is the reason they are used for MRI. I didn’t completely catch all the details, but it certainly is an interesting field, to say the least. Overall, I’d say what made the presentation interesting was the amount of new information I learned about MRI. Kind of makes me want to look more into that field.

If describing this lecture to someone else, I’d say that it was about how MRI instruments are able to look more clearly into the human body. The speaker, Professor Matthew J. Allen, is from the Wayne State University Department of Chemistry. He attended California Institute of Technology and Purdue University, among others. His speaking style is easy to understand, but it seems like he is a bit nervous, like he is new to public speaking. He also rushes things a bit, but not too fast so as not to be able to understand what the speaking topic is. Overall, I’d say Professor Allen presented the topic well and in an informative manner.

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I thoroughly enjoyed the seminar given today by Dr. Allen.  I felt he presented his research very clearly.  He spoke on the Increasing the Utility of Contrasting Agents used during MRI tests.   The most commonly used compounds for contrast enhancement are gadolinium-based. MRI contrast agents alter the proton relaxation times of tissues and body cavities where they are present, which depending on the image weighting can give a higher or lower signal.  Basically, they’re used to improve the visibility of disease in internal body organs.  Dr. Allen also explained that  most MRI contrast agents work through shortening the T1 or T2 relaxation time of protons located nearby. Reduction of T1 relaxation time results in a  hypersignal while reduced T2 relaxation time reduces both T1 and T2 signals.   I bet none of us students in seminar ever thought about Magnetic Resonance Imaging that deeply, much less the contrast agents used!  After Dr.Allen’s presentation I still had two questions:  How far has his research progressed since it started?  Are there other contrast agents that can be used besides Gadolinium and Europium?

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Today’s speaker was Matthew J. Allen, a chemistry professor from Wayne State University.  Professor Allen’s research is very broad, ranging from inorganic chemistry to organic synthesis.  His presentation was on contrast agents for MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).  Specifically, lanthanide elements were being focused on.  Since lanthanides can have up to seven unpaired electrons, they have very strong paramagnetic and optical properties, making them suited to be contrast agents.  Good contrast agents can mark tumors easily.  Allen also talked about fluoresence microscopy.  It is used to label biological processes such as enzyme activity and apoptosis (cell destruction).  MRI was also compared to other imaging techniques like ultrasound.  MRI is based on the relaxation times of water protons, and the image quality is influenced by magnetic field strength and the chemical environment.  Metal ions can affect relaxation times, and a good contrast agent will have high relaxivity.  Gd(III) is a good contrast agent, but it is toxic.  Therefore, other lanthanides must be investigated, such as europium.  In an aqueous environment, water molecules not bound to the contrast agent will cause noise, interfering with imaging.  These water molecules are called outer sphere molecules.  Dendrimers are utilized to push away the outer sphere molecules.  It is also important to find a contrast agent that is resistant to water oxidation.  So far, Eu(II) cryptate is the most resistant complex to water oxidation.  Lanthanides are Lewis acids that can tolerate water, preventing the need for expensive anhydrous solvents.   Allen’s group seems to be well on its way to improving MRI contrast agents.

The speaker handled himself very well during the question and answer session.   He knew what he was talking about, even if some of the material was a little over my head.   He claimed that we broke the record for most questions ever asked of him in a single presentation.

In this presentation, I learned about cascade reactions, in which electrons move from one end to another of a conjugated system via resonance.  These cascade reactions are used to separate the dendrimers from the lanthanides.  There are two other things I wonder about.  The first is if other lanthanides besides gadolinium and europium can be used as contrast agents, and if so, how do they compare?  The second is about the chemical environment during the MRI scan of a patient.  I just wonder if it is changed in any way.  This presentation was interesting because it presented how chemistry is involved in imaging techniques, specifically MRI.  It’s always nice to see chemistry actually being applied in the medical field.  If I had to sum up the presentation for a layperson, I would say that materials to enhance the effects of MRI were being made.

From fletchek (Ken Fletcher)

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Matthew Allen gave a seminar on “Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging using Lanthanide Chemistry”. Dr. Allen conducted his postdoctoral research at the University of Wisconsin before starting his first faculty position in the Department of Chemistry at Wayne State University.

His seminar was very understandable, with a PowerPoint presentation that was easy to follow. It was very interesting hearing how gadolinium, in particular, is being researched and finding out how it can be used with MRIs to highlight different tissue areas. Allen talked about the use of dendrimers in holding the gadolinium atom until it gets where it needs to be to keep the water molecules away from it. He talked a little about the newer research with europium and how it can be used at higher magnetic field strengths. I learned that the fluorescence of lanthanide elements come from their f-orbitals. I also learned that they like to be in the +3 oxidative state because that is where they are the most stable.  Finally, I learned that gadolinium molecules are already used as contrast reagents in 40% of MRIs now.

From the number of questions asked after the seminar I think everybody thought it was really good. There were a lot of very good questions along with good answers. He seemed very knowledgeable and had really thought about many of the things we thought, because he knew what trying different approaches would produce. The presentation was interesting because it was at a complicated level, but not so much that it went straight over my head.

I would describe the presentation to my chemistry illiterate roommate as: ‘Dr. Allen talked about using lanthanide elements to highlight different parts of the body using MRIs’.

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The seminar that was presented on Sept. 10 by Dr. Matthew J. Allen was pretty interesting on a topic I never had thought about.  The title was ‘Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Lanthanide Chemistry’. The speaker is an assistant professor from Wayne State University who currently researches on multidisciplinary topics covering the areas of inorganic chemistry, organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and biology.

There are three new things that I learned from this presentation. I did not know much information about MRI so most of the presentation was pretty new and interesting. I was not sure about how fluorescence microscopy can actually see the enzyme activity and out of all the possible imaging techniques why MRI was the best one.  Also, it was new to me that MRI works as NMR that I had used for organic chemistry lab. Moreover, it was interesting that  how using dendrimers along with lanthanides affects the MRI process.

My questions about this presentation include:  What are some limitations that MRI have at present, and how much can they be improved?  Also, what are advantages or disadvantages of O-17 NMR when you compared to MRI?  Lastly, what kinds of companies use MRI in the USA?

Overall, this presentation was interesting even though he had a lot of information which it was hard to keep up with them for me. However, it gave me a chance to realize how chemistry is important to our real life once again and learn about MRI more deeply.

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Matthew Allen is an assistant professor of Wayne State University in Detroit, MI.  After graduating from Swartz Creek High School, MI, he earned his bachelor degree in chemistry and a minor in mathematics at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Also, he obtained a doctorate in Chemistry at California Institute of Technology.

Allen obtained several distinguished awards from NIH, NSF, Eli, Lilly and Bausch & Lomb. Currently, he is conducting research that involves inorganic chemistry, organic synthesis, analytical chemistry and biology.  His presentation on September, 10, 2009 at Andrews University was about Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which is abbreviated MRI.

The presentation was interesting. The main idea, MRI, was related to improvement of our practical lives and I could learn more about MRI. Through the presentation I learned about the properties and uses of lanthanide, which we do not study about in our regular chemistry classes and labs. Also, I learned that water, the applied magnetic field, and chemical environment affect the functioning and effectiveness of MRI.

There were few things that I did not understand. One of them is the meaning of relaxivity. Even though he explained and defined the meaning of the relaxivity, he spoke kind of fast, so I could not catch the concept of the relaxivity in a short time.

Students attending seminar asked Allen a lot of questions. He kindly answered most of the questions. However, there were some questions that he could not answer because the research is still going on.

I liken chemical environment and MRI to a camera and a lens. In order to get clear pictures, we use a camera with a better lens which has better resolution. Like this, to get better pictures of inside of our body, scientists try to develop a better chemical environment, that is, ‘lens’ for MRI.

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I was able to learn a lot from the recent Chemistry Seminar when Matthew J. Allen gave a presentation about his research on lanthanides. The presentation was straight forward and easy to follow due to his descriptive dialogue and well illustrated slides. Furthermore, the lingering questions that I still had towards the end of the seminar were for the most part answered  when we were able to talk with him at the conclusion of his presentation. I appreciated the fact that he was able to address the uses of lanthanides as well as the benefits of doing further research on them, especially in the area of contrast agents for MRI.

Allen was able to explain quite clearly how contrasts agents worked and why the lanthanide series are effective paramagnets. I was learned that europium was ideal at higher field strength, while gadolinium became a poor contrast agent as field strength increased. This seminar was interesting because of his clear and direct presentation style and the use of a background introduction in the beginning that effectively set up the main bulk of his presentation. If I were to describe this presentation to the non-scientist I would say that it is mainly focused on a way to improve MRIs such that we can get higher resolution images inside our body with greater contrast.

A couple of thoughts that remain after the presentation:

1. I was unable to understand what made Ga(III) and Ca2+ similar, was it radius?

2. I still don’t get why with dendrimer encapsulation you wouldn’t get outer sphere H2O interaction because don’t the dendrimers break apart allowing outer sphere H2O to enter still?

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The speaker, Dr. Matthew J. Allen had a presentation style that was both informative and understandable.  Allen is an assistant professor of chemistry at Wayne State University. The topic that Prof. Allen presented on was “Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging using Lanthanide Chemistry.”

The first thing I thought was that’s a long title, but as Allen presented I found the information very interesting. I learned many new things dealing with the comparisons of MRI, X-ray, and positron emission tomography. I have family that works in the operating room and deal with these instruments daily, but I never knew what was actually used in order to get a clear picture of the tissue. X-ray and positron instruments use a lot of radiation so that deep inside the tissue can be seen. The MRI instruments use water proton relaxation times in order to get pictures deep inside tissue. Currently, contrast agents are used to improve MRI images but have some limitations.

The lanthanides, used in MRI imaging, have unique optical and magnetic properties. They usually are found in the +3 oxidation state, which is when they are most stable. Another lanthanide, apart from Gd +3, that Allen is studying for higher frequency MRIs is Eu +2.   However, this ion needs to be stabilized against oxidation. Luminescence decay studies show this reaction is proceeding. So questions that I pondered after the presentation were: How do luminescence decay studies show the reaction is proceeding? Can other methods be used to see/determine how the reaction is proceeding?  Why was Eu (II) chosen to replace Gd (III) at higher magnetic fields? Why not another lanthanide? Why Eu+2?

The overall presentation was interesting and research is still being done.

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Chemistry Seminar Blog: Matthew J. Allen

Our first week of Chemistry Seminar proved to be quite interesting.  The gentleman who presented was Matthew J. Allen, a Chemistry Professor in the Chemistry Department at Wayne State University.  His presentation was on “Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Lanthanide Chemistry.”  I personally thought the topic was very interesting because I have had a MRI done before, so I somewhat wanted to know what Allen was specifically studying about MRIs.  His presentation style was easy to follow, and he did well in helping us understand the technicalities of his research.  Allen’s research involves different fields of chemistry, including inorganic, organic, analytical, and even biology.  Specifically, his research involves advancing the use of lanthanide-based contrast agents for MRI.

Allen chose the lanthanide group because of their unique photophysical and magnetic properties.  These properties are considered unique because of their f-orbital and their stabilization in the +3 oxidation state.  The lanthanide group interests Allen mostly because of their interactions with solvent water molecules in the MRI process.  With his research, Allen hopes to use lanthanides as contrast agents to enhance inherent contrast by altering chemical environments.  This will help create a better MRI reading and produce a clearer visualization of the inside of living organisms.

Allen is also interested in asymmetric catalysis, specifically using lanthanide triflate-based catalysts because of their high enantioselectivity and water-stability.  He hopes that his research in this area will enhance the study of environmentally benign catalysts.

Allen did an excellent job in accurately and adequately describing his research at our Andrews University Chemistry Seminar.  Faculty were not the only ones who understand what Allen was talking about.  The students were also very responsive to his lecture because many questions of interest were asked by several students.  Some questions that I have are about Allen’s research including: Will the lanthanides help create better MRI results for cancer scans?  Can lanthanides be used for medical applications other than MRIs, specifically, can they be used to improve other types of scanning devices?  And in the future, will lanthanide research in its MRI application be able to provide such clear scans that one would be able to see a clear picture of a fetus growing in a female’s abdomen?

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This week’s seminar topic was Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging using Lanthanide Chemistry. The speaker was Matthew Allen.  He is an assistant professor of chemistry at Wayne State University.  He got his bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.  He completed his PhD studies at California Institute of Technology in 2003, and did post doctoral research at University of Wisconsin-Madison.  He was a good speaker and was pretty easy to follow.  He was enthusiastic about the material and quite knowledgeable about it.  His subject content was also very interesting to learn more about.

One of the things that I learned in this seminar is that MRI works by causing the otherwise randomly moving water molecules to move in only two directions relative to the applied magnetic field.  Another is that contrast altering chemicals are used to get a better image in an MRI.  Also, Gd(III) does not work well at high magnetic field strengths.

Students seemed to be attentive during the seminar.  There were a good number of questions at the end, and the speaker answered all of them well.

This seminar did encourage me to look into learning a little more about the topic.  However I don’t think I would be very interested in doing any research on it.  However, I think the reason the seminar was interesting was because it was on a subject that has a lot to do with the medical field, which most of the students are going into.

If I had to describe the presentation in a simple sentence I would say “research on improving the imaging capabilities of MRI.”

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This week in ChemSem, Dr. Matthew J. Allen of Wayne State University spoke on the research he is conducting concerning the paramagnetic properties of lanthanides. Though the lanthanides themselves are well known in the chemical world, the specific study of them seems to be limited to a few labs. This is interesting considering the broad range of applications both in terms of medicine and environmentally friendlier chemistry that Dr. Allen brought out.

Though the research is far from complete, the presentation style itself was helpful. The material was complex, but was aptly explained from a common foundational basis such that the audience of Chemistry and Biochemistry undergraduates was able to grasp the significance and, to a certain extent, the underlying difficulties and methods. The topic itself was quite interesting. It was nice to see the study and application of parts of the periodic table that rarely enjoy the spotlight. Furthermore, the paramagnetic qualities of the lanthanides make them intriguing in terms of potential. The lecture focused mainly on the important aspects of either gadolinium or europium as they allowed for greater contrast in high field MRI’s. The problem still remains of properly protecting the biological systems from the toxic effects of the lanthanides, but progress is being made in that direction.

Though I had some loose knowledge of the lanthanides, the specifics of their toxicity and reactivity (specifically the replacement of calcium with gadolinium due to their similar ionic radii) was new to me. Furthermore, the possibility that lanthanides could be used to catalyze organic reactions in aqueous solutions I found fascinating. Finally, though knowledge of NMR is common, the rehearsal of that as it related to the actual MRI scanning process helped me to better understand how the images are taken and interpreted.

Overall, the lecture and topic were both interesting and good. I look forward to updates on the future of this research.

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The “Increasing the Utility of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Lanthanide Chemistry” seminar was really engaging. This topic was explained very well by Professor Matthew J. Allen.  The research goal of Allen and his team is to find a way to use lanthanides in MRI to overcome the limitation of fluorescence microscopy’s inability to travel through tissue layers. I find this subject, and anything medically related, very interesting. The presentation was also delivered in a way that was informative and easy to grasp with the help of visual aids and great descriptions.

I can honestly say my knowledge of lanthanides and any of the f group metals is fairly limited. In this seminar I was informed that these metals like to be in a positive three oxidation state. Gadolinium (Gd) with this charge will go whereever calcium two plus ion goes in the body systems. This is the current substance used as a contrast agent in MRI but must be bound to an acid chelator (DTPA) so that it is not toxic. This contrast agent cannot be used at high magnetic Tesla so they are looking to use Europium (Eu) two plus for these high field strengths. A challenge in this research is the fact that this substance will readily oxidize into Europium three plus.

Allen also spoke about using dendrimers (radial polymers) that incorporate the lanthanide ion trying to be used for contrast imaging and push excess water molecules away. At this point in their research, the Allen group uses Zn and acid to break the dendrimer but they hope to develop enzymatic methods in future to break apart the dendrimer.

These contrast agents can also be used to detect high enzyme activity and display problems like tumors that are metastasizing in very small areas you could not see before.  It will be interesting to see what future research in this field will yield.

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I really enjoyed the chemistry seminar this week. This week’s presenter was Matthew J. Allen, assistant professor at Wayne State University; he graduated from Purdue University and completed his PhD  in 2003 at The California  Institute of Technology.  Professor Allen is a fairly young guy, I liked his style, he was very relaxed and easy to follow. I could tell he is a professor who is used to explaining things to college students, as opposed to some of the presenters who represent labs and are sometimes hard to follow.  His clear explanation was evident by the numerous questions asked at the end of the presentation.

Dr.  Allen’s research presentation was about lanthanide based MRI contrast agents. The majority of his presentation was about synthesizing lanthanide complexes and the mechanisms his group is using to control the relaxivity of protons, which in turn increase the capabilities of MRI to as a powerful imaging procedure.  Lanthanide complexes used as contrast agents enhance inherent contrast agents by altering the chemical environment. Contrast agents are important because wherever they go they make protons relax faster, the faster a proton relaxes the stronger its signal and the better the contrast image.

I also googled lanthanides to get a better understanding of their uses and was very surprised as to the diverse nature of their medical applications; they seem to be on the very front of the cutting edge in medical advances.  However, as substances not naturally found in the human body, I do have a few questions as to the toxicity levels of lanthanides.  For example, will they replace naturally occurring ions such as calcium or others  similar in atomic radii?  Also, what concentration of lanthanides will produce allergic reaction in persons with metal allergies?

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Name: Seonui Kang

Increasing the ability of contrast agents for MRI using lanthanide chemistry by Matthew Allen

Mathew Allen, the first guest speaker of Chemistry/Biochemistry Seminar for this semester, is an assistant professor of Chemistry at Wayne State University. He looks very young and is an enthusiastic researcher who is working on research projects spanning different scientific fields including inorganic chemistry, organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and biology. The topic of his presentation was lanthanide based MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) contrast agents.

I learned more about lanthanides, which includes fourteen elements from lanthanum to lutetium. Lanthanides have unique photophysical characters and their distinctive properties, such as, oxidation and fluorescence, are determined by f-orbitals. Another thing that I learned more about from Allen’s seminar is that the ability of contrast agents, a chemical substance that shows the contrast between two tissues for MRI, can be enhanced by using lanthanide chemistry.  Allen’s research project uses Gd(Ⅲ) and Eu(Ⅱ) as the lanthanide. His unique approach involves synthesis of dendrimer – lanthanide systems and selective break down of the dendrimer.  I would like to know more about proton relaxation involved in MRI imaging and its contrast agent.

In generally, I was interested in his presentation because I could feel his intensity to introduce his very recent research to us. Although I did not understand all the things he said, I did learn a lot from Allen’s talk about MRI and its contrast agents. Simply put, MRI is a very powerful technique used to look inside the body and develop three-dimensional images.  Allen’s research involves using lanthanide – dendrimer contrast agents to enhance this powerful technique.

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Matthew J. Allen presented a really amazing topic about how MRI contrast agents are being created out of the
lanthanide elements from the periodic table. The largest problem that has been discovered is that when the
lanthanide enters the body the water molecules attach to it causing the contrast to break down before it reaches
the point of the problem. It never attaches to the organism that is in question. However, Matthew J Allen and
his team of graduate and undergraduates from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan have come up with an
idea to allow the contrast to reach the organism. The team has looked at using a dendrimer that will protect
the lanthanide from the water and allowing it to travel to the organism. However, the current process the team
is working on is finding out how large the dendrimer needs to be to repel the water.   

Matthew J Allen was a great speaker. He spoke with ease and gave a lot of information about the topic of
lanthanides. When Allen was asked questions he had no problem answering any question that was asked of him. For
example he was asked about the use of enzymes to break down the dendrimer and he was able to respond that they
were looking into the possibilities and that the hope and idea would be that the enzymes would come from the
body naturally and would break apart the dendrimer in the appropriate organ. I thought this was a very
interesting idea and that if it becomes more widely used it would be an advance in the field of MRI contrast
agents.

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Five minutes before the start of his presentation, with only two or three people in the amphitheater, guest speaker Matthew J. Allen, hailing from Wayne State University, was already waiting with his slide show prepared and ready on the screen. While at first his voice betrayed his nervousness, the slight tremor soon vanished as he fell into the explanation of his research.

Perhaps because of his youth or his experience as an assistant professor, Mr. Allen introduced and explained the concepts of his research on lanthanides in a comprehensible manner for the undergraduate audience members. The slide show also contained simple animations made by the speaker that aided in understanding concepts. For example, an animation showed how enzymes may be used to trigger a cascade reaction to separate a dendrimer surrounding a lanthanide atom.

Past chemistry seminars I attended gave me the impression that the content was over my head, however, this seminar changed my views. Maybe it was not the content but rather the presentation of the content that blocked my understanding. It seems that Prof. Allen’s presentation worked well as he said after the Q-and-A session that he had never had so many questions.

Tagging along the “green” trend and the economic crisis, Allen’s lanthanide studies boast environment friendly and wallet friendly reactions. While Prof. Allen mentioned that because the reactions were done in water solvents, I would like to have known more about the effect lanthanides have on the environment. Actually, I am curious about what constitutes an eco-friendly reaction, as most of the materials used in laboratory experiments are labelled with large safety hazard warnings.

Laymen Chemistry: Studies on the group of elements called lanthanides may be used to sharpen the image of MRI scans.

P.S. – Thumbs up for Mr. Allen visiting the Chem Club table at the Ice Cream Social after his presentation! Even if he only wanted our chemistry experiments (awesome hydrogen balloons!!).

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